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</head>

<body>

<ul class="toc">
<li>
<a href="#toc_0">Make Utility</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#toc_1">1. 实验目的</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_2">2. 为什么需要 Make Utility</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#toc_3">2.1. 问题</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_4">2.2. 解决办法</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_5">2.3. 命令选项</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_6">3. 什么是 Make Utility</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_7">4. Makefile 宏指令</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_8">5. 其他</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_9">6. 实验内容</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_10">7. 例子代码</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#toc_11">a.h</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_12">b.h</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_13">c.h</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_14">2.c</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_15">3.c</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_16">main.c</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_17">Makefile1</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#toc_18">Makefile2</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>


<h1 id="toc_0">Make Utility</h1>

<h2 id="toc_1">1. 实验目的</h2>

<p>了解和掌握 Make Utility 编译工具</p>

<h2 id="toc_2">2. 为什么需要 Make Utility</h2>

<h3 id="toc_3">2.1. 问题</h3>

<p>一般项目由几百或几千个源文件组成，编译是一项复杂而繁琐的工作，比如，对源程序部分文件进行修改后，重新编译很费时间。解决的问题的方法就是 Make Utility。</p>

<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Make Utility 是一个命令解释工具，它解释配置文件中的指令（规则）</li>
<li>Make Utility 可以只针对被修改的源文件进行重新编译</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>

<p>比如，有以下三个源文件 main.c、2.c、3.c，内容如下：</p>

<ul>
<li>main.c</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;a.h&quot;
...</code></pre></div>

<ul>
<li>2.c</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;a.h&quot;
#include &quot;b.h&quot;
...</code></pre></div>

<ul>
<li>3.c</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;b.h&quot;
#include &quot;c.h&quot;
...</code></pre></div>

<p>假设程序员修改了 c.h 头文件，因 main.c 和 2.c 文件与 c.h 文件没有依赖关系，无需重新编译这两个文件。</p>

<h3 id="toc_4">2.2. 解决办法</h3>

<p>我们可以通过编辑 Makefile 编译配置文件，优化编译工作。 Makefile 文件主要包括以下几个方面的内容。</p>

<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>编译配置</li>
<li>编译时的编译规则</li>
<li>编译后，对生成文件的配置和管理</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>

<h3 id="toc_5">2.3. 命令选项</h3>

<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>-k :  Keep-going, continue as much as possible after an error</li>
<li>-n : Build-test,  print the commands that would be executed, but do not execute.</li>
<li>-f <filename> : use filename as a makefile</li>
<li>Others, you can use &ldquo;$ man make&rdquo; command </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>

<h2 id="toc_6">3. 什么是 Make Utility</h2>

<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>定义了一系列的规则来指定哪些文件需要先编译，哪些文件需要后编译，哪些文件需要重新编译，甚至进行更复杂的功能操作，因为 Makefile 就像一个 Shell Script 一样，其中也可以执行操作系统的命令。</li>
<li>定义了源文件编译过程中，编译后，以及生成文件的存放规则等</li>
<li>Makefile 文件一般存放在源文件的根目录</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>

<h2 id="toc_7">4. Makefile 宏指令</h2>

<ul>
<li>是编辑 Makefile 的时更一般的形式</li>
<li>可以指定编译选项</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">Define:
    MACRONAME = value
Usage:
    $(MACRONAME) or ${MACRONAME}</code></pre></div>

<h2 id="toc_8">5. 其他</h2>

<p>通过编译生成的目标文件、库文件、可执行文件等需要方便去管理，</p>

<ul>
<li>如库文件存放在 /usr/lib 或 /lib 目录下</li>
<li>可执行文件存放在 /bin 目录下</li>
<li>临时生成的 object 文件管理</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-python">make config  # 配置编译环境
make clean   # 删除临时生成的目标文件
make Install # 把可执行文件移动/复制到相应的目录下</code></pre></div>

<h2 id="toc_9">6. 实验内容</h2>

<ul>
<li>利用 vi editor 手动编写例子代码后，用 make utility 编译工具进行编译，查看编译过程并分析。</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-none">make -f Makefile</code></pre></div>

<ul>
<li>修改 b.h 头文件，用 make utility 重新进行编译，查看编译过程并比较分析。修改 b.h 如下：</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

void function_two();</code></pre></div>

<ul>
<li>把生成的 2.o 目标文件删除，重新执行 make 操作，并查看结果</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-none">rm 2.o 
make -f Makefile1</code></pre></div>

<ul>
<li>利用宏定义 Makefile 进行编译，删除所有生成的目标文件，并重新执行 make 操作，并查看结果</li>
</ul>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-none">rm *.o myapp 
make -f Makefile2 </code></pre></div>

<h2 id="toc_10">7. 例子代码</h2>

<h3 id="toc_11">a.h</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

void function_two();
void function_three();</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_12">b.h</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

void function_two();</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_13">c.h</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

void function_three();</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_14">2.c</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;a.h&quot;
#include &quot;b.h&quot;

void function_two() {
    printf(&quot; This is 2\n&quot;);
}</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_15">3.c</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;a.h&quot;
#include &quot;b.h&quot;

void function_three() {
          printf(&quot; This is 3\n&quot;);
}</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_16">main.c</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-c">#include &quot;a.h&quot;

extern void function_two();
extern void function_three();

int main() 
{
    function_two();
    function_three();
    return 0;
}</code></pre></div>

<h3 id="toc_17">Makefile1</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-none">myapp: main.o 2.o 3.o
    gcc –o myapp main.o 2.o 3.o

main.o: main.c a.h
    gcc –c main.c
2.o: 2.c a.h b.h
    gcc –c 2.c
3.o: 3.c b.h c.h
    gcc –c 3.c</code></pre></div>

<p><font color = red>
注意：指定从源文件到目标文件的生成规则时，用 Tab 键
</font></p>

<p><p></p>

<h3 id="toc_18">Makefile2</h3>

<div><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-none">all: myapp

CC = gcc
INCLUDE = .
CFLAGS = -g -Wall -ansi
CFLAGS = -O -Wall -ansi

myapp: main.o 2.o 3.o
    $(CC) –o myapp main.o 2.o 3.o
main.o: main.c a.h
    $(CC)  –I$(INCLUDE)  $(CFLAGS) –c main.c
2.o: 2.c a.h b.h
    $(CC)  –I$(INCLUDE)  $(CFLAGS) –c 2.c
3.o: 3.c b.h c.h
     $(CC)  –I$(INCLUDE)  $(CFLAGS) –c 3.c</code></pre></div>



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